WO2014062096A1

WO2014062096A1 - Method for levitating an aircraft

Info

Publication number: WO2014062096A1
Application number: PCT/RU2013/000912
Authority: WO
Inventors: Борис Михайлович СОЛОДОВ
Original assignee: Solodov Boris Mikhailovich
Priority date: 2012-10-17
Filing date: 2013-10-16
Publication date: 2014-04-24
Also published as: RU2012144334A

Abstract

The invention relates to the art of aeronautical engineering, and more particularly to methods for levitating an aircraft above the Earth's surface. It is proposed to hold an aircraft (1) at levitation height using pressure from the Earth's magnetic field (9), concentrated and deformed, wherein the field is concentrated and confined in a closed shell (5) which has a layer of superconducting material and is attached to the aircraft (1). The superconducting material keeps the concentrated magnetic field (9) inside the closed shell (5) as a result of the Meissner effect. Furthermore, the aircraft (1) itself is lifted to the required height by a lifting device (6). A magnetic field (8) is concentrated by the conductor of a loop (7) which is used to encompass and then compress the magnetic lines of the field (8). Once the concentrated field (9) has been confined in the closed shell (5), this loop (7), together with the lifting device (6), is withdrawn from the aircraft (1), for example by being lowered to the Earth's surface (10).

Description

Aircraft levitation method

The invention relates to vehicles, in particular, to aviation, to methods for providing levitation of aircraft above the surface of a celestial body such as the Earth, having a magnetic field.

The current level of technology is characterized by a method of generating thrust to an aircraft, including passing an electric current through a closed loop of a conductive cable and the interaction of this current with the magnetic field of the external environment to obtain the force acting on the aircraft cable, described, for example, in the book of V.V. Beletsky, E.M. Levin. The dynamics of space cable systems. M. Science. 1990, pp. 17-18, 204.

This method is quite simple, making it possible to obtain a transverse traction force from 0.5 to 50 N with a cable weighing from 0.1 to 10 tons and a length of tens of kilometers when interacting with the Earth's magnetic field.

However, this method is designed and implemented by aircraft during their movement in a circular orbit around the Earth, and not for aircraft levitation above the Earth’s surface, due to the relatively small magnitude of the Earth’s magnetic field.

A method and device are known in the art for holding the aircraft in suspension above a certain point on the earth's surface, including holding the aircraft by supplying energy from an external energy source and converting it into force on this device, described, for example, in the patent USA 5074489, MKI B64 S 37/02, NCI 244-2, publ. 12.24.1991, Volume 1 133, JVa 4.

This method provides levitation of the aircraft, allowing the implementation of various scientific and technical projects, determined by the payload on the device. In this case, a significant supply of energy from an external source is required, as well as the introduction of devices that receive energy from such a source, and then convert this energy into traction on an aircraft.

However, there is the problem of using constant magnetic fields for levitation, which has not found its solution in this known method. A technique is known in the art for the levitation of a superconducting disk, including suspension of a superconducting disk in a constant magnetic field of a magnet, described, for example, in the book of V. Bukkel. Superconductivity. M. Mir, 1975, p. 282-283.

This method provides the levitation of various technical devices - bearing disks, etc. in a constant magnetic field due to the use of the Meissner effect of superconductors placed on the surface of these disks, plates, etc. This is achieved through a powerful permanent magnet located on the surface of the Earth.

However, there is the problem of organizing the levitation of a device above the Earth’s surface at high altitude, up to tens of kilometers, which is necessary for many scientific studies that have not found their solution in this known method.

A technique is known in the art for the levitation of an aircraft, adopted as a prototype, including the interaction of the aircraft engine with the external environment, for example, levitation due to the force in the interaction of the magnetic field of the device with the surrounding space, described, for example, in book B. P. Burdakov, Yu.I. Danilov. External resources and space. M. Atomizdat, 1976, p. 444.

Fundamentally, this method ensures the levitation of an aircraft in a near-Earth magnetic field, which makes it possible to create, for example, laboratories that are stationary relative to a given point in space and carry out various scientific and technical projects. Moreover, the real characteristics of this method are low, and here the lifting force of a disk-shaped ship with a diameter of 600 m and for 1000 turns with a current of 10 ⁵ A in each turn is only 5.9 N. And only the special construction of diamagnetic sites on the Earth’s surface allows sharply increase the lifting force, however, such construction of sites sharply limits the operational capabilities of the method due to the inability to deploy levitation devices anywhere in case of need.

However, there is the problem of using the energy of the earth’s magnetic field itself to levitate the apparatus, without using other magnets, which has not found its solution in the prior art.

The present invention solves the problem of using the Earth’s magnetic field for levitation of an aircraft above the Earth’s surface, which leads to a technical result in the form of levitation of an aircraft in the Earth’s magnetic field at any height above the surface and reducing the mass of devices that create levitation.

The problem posed is solved by the fact that in the known method of aircraft levitation, including the interaction of the aircraft with the external environment, the aircraft is held on the height of levitation with the concentrated magnetic field of the Earth, which is obtained by capturing the Earth’s magnetic field and enclosing it in a closed shell with a layer of superconducting material attached to the apparatus.

The aircraft is lifted to the required height by a lifting device, after which the Earth’s magnetic field is captured and concentrated in a closed shell by any known method.

The closed shell is made in the form of a pipe of arbitrary shape, on the surfaces of which a layer of a superconducting material having the Meissner effect is made.

The Earth’s magnetic field is concentrated by a contour wire, which embraces and compresses this magnetic field, and after the concentrated field is enclosed in a closed shell, this contour is removed from the aircraft, for example, it is lowered to the Earth’s surface together with a lifting device.

Here, for levitation of the aircraft, the energy and pressure of the magnetic field of the external environment are used, for example, the Earth’s magnetic field, which is preliminarily concentrated in order to obtain a higher lifting force, the magnetic field lines of the Earth’s field are compressed from a large area to a small area and volume, and such a concentrated deformed the field is enclosed in a closed shell. Moreover, such a shell is made with a layer of superconducting material, which, due to the Meissner effect, pushes the magnetic field out of the bulk of the superconductor. Therefore, the concentrated magnetic field of the Earth enclosed in a closed shell is held inside this shell, and for a long time, thereby providing levitation of the aircraft in the Earth's magnetic field due to the tension of the deformed field lines of this field.

The aircraft is lifted to the required levitation altitude by known lifting devices, for example, aerostat, airship, helicopter, rocket, etc. devices depending on the height. And after the rise, the Earth’s free magnetic field is captured and compressed, concentrated into a closed shell by any known method.

A closed shell is made in the form of a pipe of arbitrary shape — square, rectangular, round, ellipse, etc., while a stream of concentrated magnetic field passes through the open ends of the pipe. And the shell surfaces are covered with a layer of a superconducting material having the Meissner effect, which ensures a long (up to several years) retention of the magnetic field flux inside the shell pipe.

The concentration of the Earth's magnetic field is carried out by a contour wire, which embraces and compresses this magnetic field, its magnetic lines of force. In this case, the contour during compression moves perpendicular to the flow of the lines of force of the Earth’s magnetic field, providing local compression (concentration) of the cross section of this stream of lines of force between the Earth’s magnetic poles. Moreover, after the concentrated field is enclosed in a closed shell, this circuit is removed from the aircraft, for example, together with a lifting device it is lowered to the Earth's surface.

A comparative analysis with the current level of technology shows that the concentration of the Earth’s magnetic field and the use of its energy for levitation of the aircraft is ensured by the elements under consideration and manipulations with them. Thus, the claimed method meets the criterion of "novelty." Also, a comparison of the parameters and elements of the proposed solution with those known in the art allowed us to conclude that the criterion is “inventive step”. In addition, all the elements used correspond to the current state of the art, and the Earth’s magnetic field itself occupies all the space above the Earth’s surface, therefore a similar method can be implemented in any place and region of the Earth, which allows us to conclude that the criterion “industrial application - nostim. "

The proposed method of aircraft levitation is illustrated by the drawings in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.

In FIG. 1 shows an intermediate position in which the aircraft 1 comprises an engine 2, a housing with life support and navigation systems 3, a payload 4 and a closed shell 5, and there is also a lifting device 6 with a circuit 7 located in the magnetic field of the environment 8 and with a concentrated field 9 above the surface of the celestial body 10.

In FIG. 2 shows the final position in which the aircraft / comprises an engine 2, a housing with life support and navigation systems 5, a payload 4 and a closed shell 5, inside which a concentrated field 9 is located, located in the magnetic field of the external environment 8 above the surface of the celestial body 70.

In operation, as shown in FIG. 1, the aircraft 1, with the help of a lifting device 6, is lifted to the required height above the surface of the celestial body 10. Then, the contour 7 is deployed and magnetic field lines of the field of the external medium 8 are covered with them, as shown in the figure by dashed lines. After this, the contour 7 is compressed to a small area and volume, and this position is shown in the figure by the solid lines of the contour 7, to an area with a value less than the area of the end face of the closed shell 5, while the concentration of the magnetic field of the external medium 5, which got inside the contour 7 and getting the concentrated field 9. Then, using the systems 3 of the apparatus 7, the shell 5 is pushed onto the circuit 7 and encloses the field 9 inside the shell 5. It is this intermediate position that is shown in FIG. 1. After this, the circuit 7 is removed from the volume of the shell 5, which at this point completely enters the superconducting state, while the field 9 occupies the volume inside the shell 5 held by the superconducting material of the shell 5 due to the Meissner effect. Then the lifting device 6 is disconnected and, together with the circuit 7, is lowered to the surface of the celestial body 10 (this step is not shown in the figure).

In FIG. 2 shows the final position in which the aircraft 1 remains at the required height and levitates above the surface of the celestial body 10 due to the deformation energy of the concentrated magnetic field 9 inside the closed shell 5. Moreover, thanks to the engine 2 and the body with life support systems and navigation 5, as well as payload 4 provides the required studies and scientific and technical tasks that are set before the levitating aircraft 1 and payload 4. Moreover, due to the use of The superconducting material in the closed shell 5 is provided with long-term retention of the concentrated magnetic field 9 inside the shell 5, and, accordingly, the long levitation of the aircraft 1 over the surface of the celestial body 10.

An embodiment of the invention.

Let us consider the levitation of an aircraft (hereinafter - aircraft) in the upper atmosphere of the Earth.

We emphasize that for magnetic systems the similarity theory is fully satisfied, which allows one to calculate a variant of any magnetic system that differs from the known only in scale. In particular, geometrically similar magnets have fields of the same configuration if the field picture in the magnet body is the same. Also, when all sizes of the magnet increase by a factor of n, the field strengths at the corresponding points remain unchanged, and the magnetic flux increases by a factor of ² . The theory of similarity of magnetic systems allows one to relate calmly to super-large magnetic systems and to estimates of their characteristics.

It is known that in experimental physics, magnetic pumps are used to increase the magnetic field by concentrating magnetic field lines with respect to the weak field of the donor magnet. However, from a physical point of view, the Earth is exactly the same magnet, differing only in large sizes. Therefore, there are no physical restrictions on the concentration of the Earth's magnetic field (hereinafter - MPZ). Of course, the MPZ is quite small, therefore, the concentration of the earth's field from large areas is required, but this is quite physically and technically real (the difference is only in the scale of the structures).

Briefly note the main properties of the magnetic field.

Magnetic flux consists of real threadlike elements called magnetic lines. Each magnetic line is essentially continuous, that is, it always forms a closed loop. The magnetic flux as a whole and, in particular, each magnetic line included in its composition always and everywhere are fundamentally closed contours that have no beginning or end. Magnetic lines cannot be cut or torn in any way, and the detection of their ends in any processes occurring in a magnetic field is impossible. Moreover, the magnetic lines with respect to their mechanical manifestations are really similar to stretched elastic threads and have longitudinal tension along their entire length. The magnitude of the gravitational force of the magnetic lines per unit surface is

Otherwise, the longitudinal force of magnetic lines, referred to the surface unit of the normal cross section of the magnetic flux, is numerically expressed in the same way as the magnetic flux energy referred to the unit volume (see the book by VF Mitkevich. Magnetic flux and its transformations M. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1946, p. 77, 105, 114).

Immediately, we note that the magnetic flux coupled to a certain circuit consisting entirely of a superconductor invariably retains its value and cannot be changed by any physical influences. Otherwise, the beam of magnetic lines enclosed by the superconducting circuit is, as it were, fettered, and the number of magnetic lines in this beam is always the same, that is, we have a magnetic flux Φ ₀

Ф ₀ = const (2)

(see ibid., p. 254).

Calculations of electromagnetic forces through the bulk densities of electromagnetic forces and tension, in particular, tension in a magnetic field, with a spatial distribution of the tension tensor T, have the form where

Fields

T PG tangential component of the tension. If one of these components is equal to zero, then the tension has only the normal component T _p = T _pn . There are more complex dependences of the tension modulus depending on the angle between the field induction vector B and the normal p. In this case, the modulus of the tension vector T _p depends only on the relative magnetic permeability μ and the modulus of the induction vector B and does not depend on the direction of the induction vector. And the modulus of the tension vector T _p

In ² / (2μμ ₀ ). Moreover, the formulas for the tensor of tension and the vector of tension can be extended to a constant magnetic field from permanent magnets.

Through the tension on the surface S, we can express the force acting on the volume V

F = §T _n ds (4)

S

Thus, the tension of magnetic lines of force exerts a force on the surface of the magnetic system (see book A.V. Ivanov-Smolensky. Electromagnetic forces and energy conversion in electric machines. M. Higher School, 1989, pp. 123-124, 135, 143-155).

Also, a magnetic field has a magnetic line tension force, and when this field is applied, curvature of the lines of force occurs, and the corresponding tension force always turns in the direction opposite to the curvature of the line of force. And the magnitude of the force of the force lines is

- ^ (H - grad) - H (5) and we immediately note that for these conditions of the magnetic field, this quantity is quite close to the magnitude of the magnetic field gradient gradH / 8l: where H is the magnetic field strength. Thus, when the magnetic field lines are bent, a tension force arises, which tends to return the field lines to their original position (see the book L.A. Artsimovich, R.Z. Sagdeev. Plasma physics for physicists. M. Atomizdat, 1979, p. 157 -158, 216-217).

Thus, the mechanical forces acting in a magnetic field are reduced to tension T along the field and pressure P in the perpendicular direction. Tension and pressure, referred to the unit of area on which they act, are numerically identical and equal to the density of magnetic energy in the medium

(see the book D.V. Sivukin. General course of physics. M. Nauka, 1977, p. 301).

Considering the physical process in an analogue - levitation of a superconducting disk in a constant magnetic field, we emphasize that any the spatial magnetic field from the magnet occupies a large amount of space around the magnet, and this field is much larger than the dimensions (area) of the superconducting disk or plate. And here also there is a shift — the descent of the disk plate from the region of the weak field to the region of the strong field of the magnet, providing compensation for gravity — the mass of the plate due to the pressure force from the side of the strong magnetic field. And when the disk is displaced or lowered away from a weak field at a large distance from the magnet to a strong field at a small distance, crushing and squeezing of a part of the magnetic field under the plate occurs due to the Meissner effect of superconductors. Actually, the physical process of levitation of a superconducting disk under the action of the pressure of the magnetic field of the magnet is similar to the one under consideration, and the difference is only in the scale of the systems and the method for obtaining a strong field.

Thus, the use of a strong magnetic field in the form of a concentrated magnetic field allows for the implementation of aircraft levitation. And here, the captured deformed MPZ, concentrated inside the superconducting shell, has a tensile force, which sought to return the field lines of force to their original position. And this tension force compensates for the force of gravity - the weight of the aircraft, ensuring its levitation.

Levitation requires reliable placement of the concentrated field in a closed shell and long-term field retention in this shell. And this requires the use of a superconducting material in a closed shell.

The penetration depth of the magnetic field into type 1 superconductors does not exceed 100 nm; therefore, it is sufficient to use films of a superconductor with a thickness of K50 μm deposited on a copper or aluminum foil. Of the superconductors providing the full Meissner effect, niobium with a critical temperature Tc — 9.3 K and a critical field H _C o ⁼ 1980 e is most optimal; technetium with a magnitude of T _s - 7.8 K and with H _C o ⁼ 1 10 Oe. However, it is possible to use alloys of superconductors and of the second kind, in which there is no complete Meissner effect, but they have a high critical temperature of loss of superconductivity, reaching for films T _c = 23.2 K. And such superconductors provide levitation due to the thick layer of the superconductor for a certain time. A combination of various superconductors is also possible, for example, an NbN film on a niobium foil or technetium.

We note the promise of using multicore tapes and cables, consisting of many (up to thousands) of individual thinnest wires from a superconducting alloy, which have excellent characteristics for use in time-varying magnetic fields. High-temperature superconductors that do not lose superconductivity in strong magnetic fields, up to the level of 20 + 30 T, at a critical temperature T _with more than 30 K (cooling with liquid hydrogen), also become interesting. For example, these are superconducting tapes made of magnesium diboride MgB ₂ with Tc = 35 ... 39 K, with a critical density of about 220 A / mm, with a length of up to 10 m and more. Moreover, the nomenclature of high-temperature superconductors is already quite large, and their properties are constantly improving, so in the future it is realistic to use these superconductors in a closed shell.

However, here we consider a variant of traditional superconductors, combinations of different types, for use in a closed shell. For example, a combination of a niobium or technetium layer with a layer (tape, coating) of an alloy of the second kind.

Given the need for reliable long-term operation of the closed shell, we assume that the average working field inside the closed shell is equal to N _W - 1000 e = 8 · 10 ⁴ A / m. In this case, the average pressure of the concentrated field inside the shell is _Pw = 4 · 10 ³ N / m ² , and the energy density of such a field is with _m = 4 · 10 ³ J / m ³ .

Note that the choice of the absolute values of the envelope area depends on the tasks being implemented and is determined by the specific structures of the levitating aircraft.

Ideal lift F

F ^~ Рш 'S _B (7) where Р - pressure of the concentrated magnetic field;

S _B is the area of the perceptual surface of the shell.

For example, for S _B = 10 m ² we have the value F = 4 · 10 ⁴ N, which corresponds to the weight of the aircraft with a mass of 4 · 10 ³ kg = 4 t, and for S _B = 100 m ² we have F = 4 · 10 ⁵ N, which corresponds to the weight of an aircraft with a mass of 4 · 10 ⁴ kg = 40 tons

The shell design is similar to the known superconducting devices, with their requirements for materials and thermal protection (for example, see the book by VB Zenkevich, VV Sychev. Magnetic systems on superconductors. M. Nauka, 1972 - 260 s).

The shell design is similar to the known superconducting devices and includes a foil of aluminum or copper, 0, 1-I, 0 mm thick, on which superconductor layers are deposited (on the one hand - niobium, on the other hand - an alloy of the 2nd kind) with a total thickness of 1 +100 microns. This foil is enclosed in an airtight shell, which in turn is fixed inside the housing. At the same time, there is a gap between the surface of the foil with a superconductor and a sealed sheath, a gap that is a channel for a cooling agent - liquid helium. Moreover, between the surfaces of the sealed enclosure and the housing there is a vacuum, and in this space can additionally be installed film heat-shielding intermediate screens that reduce heat transfer from the housing to the sealed enclosure.

It is from the requirements of thermal protection that the design of the outer surface of the housing of the sealed enclosure is revealed — aluminum foil 0.1-mm thick, to which a selective coating is attached, for example, 150 microns thick fiberglass is glued through a silver or aluminum layer of 1 μm, and this coating provides the absorption coefficient of solar radiation a _s ~ 0.06 at a surface emissivity for the infrared range ε ~ 0.90. Naturally, other designs of selective coating are possible, providing approximately the same parameters, but here for the evaluation of parameters we accept a similar coating.

For the inner surface of the casing with an electropolished surface, as well as for the niobium coating of the hermetic casing, we obtain a heat flux from the casing to the hermetic casing of the order of 0.04 W per 1 m ² , which is still reduced by 1.5-5 times due to the introduction of intermediate heat-shielding screens. And taking into account the additional heat flux from the rarefied atmosphere and from the Earth, the real heat flux is about 0.04 - ^ - 0.06 W per area of 1 m ² .

Estimation of the average mass of 1 m ^{2 of the} shell, including a foil body with a thickness of 0.5 mm, gives a mass of about 6 kg, and taking into account heat shields - about 7 kg, and taking into account a helium layer of 5- ^ 8 mm, the average weight of the wire is about 8 kg for an area of 1 m. Given the range of applied design solutions, materials and technological capabilities of production, the real mass of the closed shell in the range of 5-45 kg per shell area of 1 m.

As an example, consider a closed shell with a total area of S ₀ - 50 m ² . We accept this shell in the form of a rectangular pipe with two parallel long sides a = 6 m (length) and a shell width c = 3.5 m with side walls with a height b ~ 1.2 m. From the side of the ends with area a x b this closed cavity is open for free placement of the lines of power of the MPZ. This design corresponds to the area of the receiving shell S _B ⁼ a x c = 2 \ m, then the ideal lifting force is F = 8.4 · 10 ⁴ N, which corresponds to the levitation of aircraft with a mass of up to 8.4 · 10 ³ kg = 8, 4 t.

For such a shell, its mass is 300 - 750 kg, of which up to 50 kg is liquid helium. In this case, the heat flux to the shell with a superconductor is Q _N = 2 W. For such a heat flux, 50 kg of liquid helium provide cooling of the shell for 40SK-900 hours ~ 15 - ^ - 40 days. Therefore, a thermally insulated container with liquid helium reserves is additionally installed on the aircraft, for example, 500 kg is enough for 3 - ^ - 9 months. And at the end of this supply of helium, a new tank with a new supply of helium is delivered to the aircraft. However, for prolonged levitation of an aircraft, it is more promising to use cooling with the help of a refrigerating machine, which currently has several varieties. For a chiller with a power of 2.1 W at a temperature of ~ 4.5 K, the power consumption of such plants is 3–3.5 kW with a mass of 25 (N400 kg, depending on the perfection of the design and the materials used.

For long-term power supply of such a refrigerating machine, it is optimal to use a solar battery on solar cells with a mass of 50 - = - 100 kg, depending on the type, efficiency and perfection of the design used. And taking into account the need for an electric battery to provide shade, other auxiliary electrical converters, power elements and thermal devices, the total mass of the power supply system of the refrigeration machine is about 300- ^ 500 kg.

So, for the total shell area Sc — 50 m, the total mass of the superconducting shell together with the cooling system, including either a tank with a supply of liquid helium, or a refrigerating machine with an energy supply system, is 900-Н700 kg, depending on the structural perfection of all devices.

Immediately, we note that the aircraft is necessarily equipped with a parachute system for launching the aircraft in the event of an accident. In addition, there is also a power structure made of lightweight high-strength materials, such as carbon plastics, for mounting aircraft systems. And therefore, with the weight of the closed shell and the systems serving it up to 900-4700 kg, the total mass of the aircraft design with all systems is 1200 - ^ - 2000 kg. Therefore, the levitating aircraft has up to 5 - ^ - 7 tons of payload.

Thus, the capture and deformation of the lines of force during the concentration of the earth's magnetic field makes it possible to use the energy of the earth's magnetic field to organize the levitation of the aircraft. Considering the capture of field lines from a large area and the rather complicated nature of the distribution of curved field lines in space, it is mathematically difficult to describe the force of field line tension for a given physical case with a simple formula. However, as a first approximation, it is possible to estimate by the pressure gradient of the magnetic field, in particular, by the average field with pressure P _t .

Considering the estimated nature of these physical calculations, in reality, the mass of aircraft kept in the range from 6000 to 8400 kg, that is, up to 70–00% of the ideal value of the lifting force F of the magnetic field inside the shell.

Naturally, the actual retained mass of the aircraft depends on the optimization of the geometric dimensions of the closed shell, as well as on the shape and ratio of the dimensions of the shell, the position of the shell and its geometric elements with respect to the Earth’s magnetic field obtained field geometry inside the shell. The applied design of the closed shell also affects its perfection and refinement.

Let us evaluate the parameters of the Earth’s magnetic field necessary to obtain a concentrated magnetic field inside a closed superconducting shell.

For a magnetic field, the law of constancy of the magnetic flux Ф ₀ = const, according to (2), where Ф ₀ = BS, and В - μμοΗ. Then the ratio of the magnetic fields in the shell and the free magnetic field (before the start of concentration)

where S ₃ is the area of the taken and concentrated flux of the free Earth's magnetic field with intensity N ₃

S _K is the cross-sectional area with the geometry a x b for the open end of the shell with a concentrated field H _M0 .

Actually, dependence (8) is similar to the dependences for a magnetic pump concentrating a weak magnetic field into a strong one (difference in scale).

Undoubtedly, levitation of aircraft over a region with a magnetic anomaly is very promising, for example, in the region of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, where the magnetic field strength exceeds 100 A / m. However, here we consider a real version of the average MPZ, which provides the levitation of aircraft. For the earth's field, the magnetic equator strength is about 27.1 A / m, and at the magnetic poles it is about 52.5 A / m, then we consider the average MW to be equal to H ₃ = 40 A / m. Then we obtain the ratio of the magnetic fields inside the shell with the average H _M0 = 8 · 10 ⁴ A / m and the ground H ₃ - 40 A / m is 2000.

For SK = a x b = 7.2 m ^2, we have the value S ₃ = 1, 44 · 10 ⁴ m ² , and this area corresponds, for example, to a circle size of ~ 67 m with a circumference of ~ 420 m. Naturally, it is possible to collect and the concentration of MPZ in space with any configuration of the captured field, and the closed shell has a section of any shape — a circle, a rectangle, etc., however, the area S ₃ remains the same. Of course, these are impressive dimensions, but there are factors that make the necessary designs for the concentration of free MPF with its low field strength real. Note that the dimensions of the closed shell are quite normal, and there are more powerful dimensional magnetic systems. We emphasize that, in principle, it is possible to use various constructions based on physical methods used in engineering and experimental physics to concentrate MPZ.

A dynamic method for concentrating a field is known, where a weak initial magnetic field is compressed and concentrated by a contour (liner), and due to a decrease in the contour area (liner), the initial field is compressed (collapsed). The methodology and technology (with designs) of such explosive field compression has been used in experimental physics for decades, and they are well developed. It is logical that in order to concentrate a weak MPZ, the necessary structures are one or two orders of magnitude larger in dimensions of the applied circuits (liners) in known installations, however, these are only technological problems of manufacturing, and the physics remains the same. Moreover, the resulting concentrated MPF in a closed shell is less than ~ two orders of magnitude of the field strength in the liners, that is, it is physically simpler to concentrate exactly the MPZ, which simplifies the requirements for the process and design of such a circuit.

Technologically, the process of dynamic concentration of MPZ consists in the contour covering the necessary area of free MPZ and placing in the center of the circuit (liner) the most closed shell, which at the initial moment is completely in a normal state. This is followed by the process of concentration by a compressing circuit to obtain a region of concentrated MSS, and part of this region necessarily enters the closed shell, followed by rapid cooling of the superconducting layers of the shell surface and their transition to the superconducting state, after which the superconducting - The closed shell becomes a trap for concentrated MPZ.

A variation of this option is the use of the principle of “magnetic key” (see the book by V. Bukkel. Superconductivity. M. Mir, 1975, pp. 293-294), in which a closed shell located at the initial moment in the superconducting is placed in the center of the circuit condition. This is followed by concentration by a compressing circuit to obtain a region of concentrated SCF, and this field is larger than the critical field of superconductivity loss Н _С о For the materials used, for example, for niobium, the field is more than 1800 Oe. This causes a transition to the normal state of the superconducting material layer (in spite of the cryogenic temperature), and this strong MFZ field fills the volume inside the closed shell. However, after the end of the compression period of the MPZ, then the stage of expansion of this strong concentrated MPZ follows, with a decrease in the field strength inside the closed shell, and when the value of Н _С о is reached, the layer of superconducting material automatically returns to the superconducting state, further holding inside the shell field with ~ HCO- To ensure of such an interesting variant, it is enough to carry out only one of the shell planes (with dimensions a x c, the lower plane) from a layer of niobium or technetium, etc. superconducting materials.

Another version of the technology for concentrating the MFZ is to cover the required area with a circuit (liner) and the room along the axis, but outside the plane of such a circuit (at a distance of 1 ... 10 m from the plane of the circuit) of a superconducting closed shell. This is followed by the process of concentration by a compressing circuit to obtain a concentrated MPZ in the central region of the circuit, followed by a rapid (in 0.01 ... 1 sec) movement of the closed shell along the axis of the contour to the region of the concentrated MPZ with capture of this field (more precisely , part of the field region) inside a superconducting closed shell.

Other technological schemes for concentrating MPZ by the dynamic method based on well-known physical principles and similar applied structures are also possible. For example, an interesting option is the capture of free MPZ during the motion of the closed shell itself.

Let us consider in detail a method similar to the method of field concentration in magnetic pumps (see the book by V. Bukkel. Superconductivity. M. Mir, 1975, pp. 290-293), which provides for the concentration of a weak magnetic field covered by a superconducting circuit, to another superconducting circuit with a small area, which increases the strength of the concentrated field. At the same time, the field is accessed to the small circuit with the help of a “heat switch”, which uses heating of the superconducting portion of the small circuit to a normal state, which allows the magnetic field to pass inside the small circuit.

We note a well-known technical solution for the method of obtaining a magnetic field in which the magnetic field is concentrated using a superconducting circuit, after which this concentrated field is covered by a closed shell and then it is enclosed inside this closed shell in a superconducting state. In this case, the concentration process is carried out by a superconducting circuit, which covers the magnetic field lines of the earth’s field and then compresses, reducing the area and volume of space occupied by this field, using the Meissner effect for this, and after concentrating and enclosing the field in the shell, this circuit is taken out of state superconductivity and remove (see application RU ZCHe 98104859/09, MKI N 02 K 55/00, publ. 02/10/2000, BI JV 4). Such a method of concentrating the MPZ is completely physically and technically feasible and is quite applicable for obtaining a magnetic field based on a weak MPZ.

We emphasize that after the concentration of the field is completed, the superconducting circuit does not remain on the aircraft, but it is removed and lowered to Earth's surface: either together with a lifting device, or separately using a parachute system. Therefore, the superconducting circuit is not an element of the actual levitating aircraft, it is not included in the design of the aircraft. And the superconducting circuit is only a very important auxiliary device, carrying out a preliminary operation to concentrate the magnetic field, and does not affect the payload mass of the levitating aircraft.

Note that the concentration process lasts from several minutes to one hour, and this sharply reduces the requirements for cooling the superconducting circuit, for its heat protection. And here the wire of such a circuit is extremely simple, including a sealed sheath of aluminum foil with a thickness of 0.1 -4.4 mm, on the surface of which a layer of a superconductor 1 - ^ - 20 microns thick is deposited, from any type of superconductor. In this case, there is a gap, a slit of the order of 0.2-10.5 mm, in which liquid helium is placed. And the mass of such a wire is 0.5–3 kg per area of 1 m ² . Moreover, the wire itself is placed, for example, wound on a drum, in a container with liquid helium, and only during the concentration process is the cooled wire removed from it and unwound from the drum. And the helium supply in the wire is quite sufficient for the duration of one cycle of the process of magnetic field concentration.

When concentrating the field with a superconducting circuit, the circuit is deployed to cover the required free MPZ area, and then they are either compressed or crimped to a small volume, or gradually wound onto a drum.

The process of enclosing a concentrated field in a closed shell is quite simple. A sheath is pushed onto a compressed-crumpled wire of a contour or a drum with it, covering and capturing the contour and the field with it, which fall inside the shell. In this case, the shell itself is optimally in a normal state at a temperature of 3 СН-50 ° К, which allows one to simply move it through a magnetic field, and only in the working position should it be rapidly cooled to a superconducting state. After this, the loop wire is slowly removed from the superconducting state, passes into the normal state, then the concentrated magnetic field freely passes through it and occupies the entire internal volume of the closed shell. After that, the loop wire is wound onto a drum for reuse or simply removed from the sheath volume in a compressed state.

It should be noted that the concentration of the magnetic field is facilitated by the specific features of the magnetic field. For example, the possibility of capturing and concentrating the field gradually - in several parts, also the possibility of increasing the volume of the concentrated field due to manipulations with the superconductivity of the shell when using a narrow loop wire. The confinement of the concentrated SMF inside the shell is guaranteed by the properties of type 1 superconductors, in particular, when a field with a magnitude greater than HCO is concentrated, superconductivity is lost and excess field is removed from the shell, with automatic restoration of superconductivity when the field is reduced to a value of Н _С about and further retention of concentrated MPZ.

Thus, methods and constructions known in physics and technology make it possible to concentrate MPZ.

Common to all these methods is to lift the aircraft to the required initial height by a lifting device, where they capture the free MPZ in any way and then concentrate the MPZ inside a closed shell, which provides levitation of the aircraft.

For the organization of aircraft levitation at altitudes of up to Ή5 km, it is optimal to use helicopters as lifting devices. For the organization of aircraft levitation at altitudes up to 1CH-15 km, the use of airships is optimal. For the organization of aircraft levitation up to an altitude of 35-37 km, the use of high-altitude balloons is optimal. Note that at present, NASA (USA) operates high-altitude balloons that lift instrumentation weighing 3.6 tons to a height of 37 km. That is, even an existing balloon allows delivering cargo in the form of an aircraft design and a superconducting circuit with its deployment systems, but without the payload that is delivered to the aircraft after organizing the aircraft levitation and removing the circuit from the aircraft at 35 - 7 km.

For an altitude of more than 40 km, the task of organizing aircraft levitation is sharply complicated. For its implementation, it is necessary to use modernized geophysical rockets, which at the highest point of rise hang and are held at this point due to the rocket's fuel supply. And at this time, the hangs and carry out a quick one-time process of concentrating the magnetic field and enclosing it in a closed shell, after which the aircraft remains to levitate, and the rocket falls down.

In the variant of dynamic concentration of the MPZ by moving the closed shell by the lifting device, the aircraft is first delivered to the initial height, and then the aircraft is vertically lowered to the Earth’s surface, while the free MPZ is captured by the open part of the shell. And when the levitation altitude is reached, the aircraft stops due to the energy of the deformed concentrated MPZ inside the shell, which is then transferred to a completely superconducting state (trap for concentrated MPZ), and depends on the levitation altitude.

Note that levitating aircraft are in a magnetic "well" between two sharply expanding magnetic fluxes from the ends of the shell, therefore, the aircraft are rigidly located and motionless in place in the MPZ, in contrast to balloons drifting in the wind.

Such levitating aircraft are capable of performing various tasks, depending on their payload. These are studies of the stratosphere over a certain point on the surface of the Earth, in particular, on the problem of the ozone layer or the spread of industrial gas wastes, and many others. These are scientific experiments on the study of near space. Moreover, the above are those experiments that are now carried out using balloons. However, there are other possible applications of the aircraft, which cannot be organized using drifting balloons. In the future, in the distant future, fundamentally similar levitating aircraft can be used in the magnetic field of other planets and celestial bodies.

Thus, the proposed method solves the problem of using the earth's magnetic field to organize levitation.

So, the proposed method of levitation of an aircraft is completely real for the modern level of industry, meeting the requirement of “industrial applicability”, provides levitation of the aircraft in the Earth’s magnetic field and finds application in technology, in particular, to provide the necessary conditions for various scientific and technical programs carried out by the corresponding payload on a levitating aircraft above the surface of the Earth.

Claims

CLAIM

1. A method of levitation of an aircraft, including the interaction of the aircraft with the environment, characterized in that the aircraft is held at a height of levitation by a concentrated Earth’s magnetic field, which is obtained by capturing the Earth’s magnetic field and enclosing it in a closed shell with a layer superconducting material attached to the apparatus.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the aircraft is lifted to the required height by a lifting device, after which the Earth's magnetic field is captured and concentrated in a closed shell by any known method.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the closed shell is made in the form of a pipe of arbitrary shape, on the surfaces of which a layer of superconducting material having the Meissner effect is made.

4. The method according to p. 2, characterized in that the concentration of the Earth’s magnetic field is carried out by a contour wire, which enclose and compress this magnetic field, and after enclosing the concentrated field in a closed shell, this contour is removed from the aircraft, for example, together with a lifting device they are lowered to the surface of the Earth.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)