Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
  • E02D29/045—Underground structures, e.g. tunnels or galleries, built in the open air or by methods involving disturbance of the ground surface all along the location line; Methods of making them
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
  • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
  • E01F5/00—Draining the sub-base, i.e. subgrade or ground-work, e.g. embankment of roads or of the ballastway of railways or draining-off road surface or ballastway drainage by trenches, culverts, or conduits or other specially adapted means
  • E01F5/005—Culverts ; Head-structures for culverts, or for drainage-conduit outlets in slopes
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
  • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
  • E01F7/00—Devices affording protection against snow, sand drifts, side-wind effects, snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks; Anti-dazzle arrangements ; Sight-screens for roads, e.g. to mask accident site
  • E01F7/04—Devices affording protection against snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks, e.g. avalanche preventing structures, galleries
  • E01F7/045—Devices specially adapted for protecting against falling rocks, e.g. galleries, nets, rock traps
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
  • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
  • E01F8/00—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic
  • E01F8/0005—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement
  • E01F8/0047—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement with open cavities, e.g. for covering sunken roads

Definitions

• the invention belongs to the field of construction and public works. It relates to an underground passage structure, more particularly intended for the circulation of vehicles.
• the invention also covers prefabricated pedestal elements, specially adapted for the production of such a structure.
• a road and, a fortiori, a rail traffic lane must have a fairly regular longitudinal profile, avoiding too steep slopes. It is therefore not possible to constantly follow the profile of the terrain, the platform being, in certain sections, either above or below the level of the natural terrain. On the other hand, it is desirable, at crossings, to pass one lane below the other by means of an underground passage.
• the structure consists of prefabricated wall elements arranged one after the other on a platform formed in the bottom of the trench.
• the structure comprises, in cross section with the axis, an upper element forming a vault resting on two pedestals placed on either side of a slab .
• the upper longitudinal joints between the arch element and the upper edges of the two pedestals are formed by articulations which give the structure relative flexibility, in particular when the embankment is being made.
• the pedestal elements advantageously have a curved upper part which tangentially connects to the upper element, so as to form a continuous arch.
• a radiant element prefabricated or cast in place, which is connected to the internal sides of the bases of the pedestals by concrete joints forming a rigid longitudinal connection, the assembly thus forming a flat base allowing distribute the load over a large area.
• the raft can be removed, each pedestal resting on the ground by an enlarged base whose dimensions are calculated according to the loads to be supported and the capacity bearing of the ground.
• the entire supporting structure is made up of prefabricated elements which can be produced economically and under the best possible safety conditions, in a specially equipped prefabrication factory or in a fairground workshop installed near the structure when this is important. It is thus possible to rigorously control the manufacturing conditions and, in particular, the composition of the concrete and its water content, the positioning of the reinforcements and the surface quality after formwork removal. We can even, in some cases, use high performance concrete.
• the use of prefabricated elements makes it possible to reduce their thickness relative to their span and, consequently, to lighten them. Even for large spans, the prefabricated elements can therefore be handled and put in place by the lifting devices usually available on a site.
• the side elements which are designed to stand straight by themselves are laid successively, then the upper elements which rest, at their ends, on two side elements, the assembly then being covered with an embankment. According to one of the characteristics of this technique, the embankment contributes to the resistance of the whole.
• the elements can be particularly thin and the reinforcement can be produced with great precision, the elements have a certain flexibility and can yield slightly when the structure supports the embankment and the overloads, which reduces the forces applied to the key, the structure bearing laterally on the embankment.
• embankment liable to withstand lateral forces. This is the case, in particular, in urbanized areas when the structure passes close to existing constructions, for example, the foundations or cellars of a building, or even a sewer. In addition, in a tight space, it may be necessary to pass pipes near the structure and it may therefore be necessary, for maintenance or replacement, to reopen the embankment.
• the object of the invention is to remedy such drawbacks by means of a new embodiment.
• a structure making it possible to avoid the creation of a lateral embankment capable of withstanding lateral forces in particular, in urban areas and in cases where the traffic lane is, in whole or in part, above the level of the natural land.
• the invention therefore relates to the production of tubular structures consisting of prefabricated wall elements arranged one after the other on a platform so as to form a resistant structure having at least one tubular passage section centered on a longitudinal axis and resting on the platform by a flattened base, the structure comprising, in cross section with the axis, at least three elements, respectively two side elements forming piers each having a substantially vertical wall having an edge upper and a base with a flat lower face resting on the platform, and at least one upper element with a curved profile resting on the upper edges, respectively, of the two pedestal elements, along two longitudinal joints and tangentially connecting to the upper parts of said pedestals so as to form a continuous arch for the transmission of loads on the bases of said pedestals oits.
• At least certain pedestal elements placed on the outside of the structure, are shaped so as to have sufficient rigidity to collect and transmit the loads applied, without lateral support on an embankment covering the structure.
• each pedestal element is provided with at least one stiffening rib extending over at least one face of its side wall and capable of opposing a deformation thereof under the effect of the loads applied by the upper element.
• each upper element can advantageously be provided, along at least one lateral side placed on the outside of the structure, with a rigid veil extending upward for stable maintenance of a minimum thickness of embankment above the upper element.
• the invention also covers the prefabricated wall elements thus produced.
• the invention therefore constitutes an extension of the known technique for producing tubular structures which has numerous advantages and makes it possible to adapt to particular situations.
• the structure can be produced, at least in part above the level of the natural terrain.
• This is first covered with a first embankment having an upper part in the form of a platform to constitute the laying surface and, after the laying of the elements, the entire structure and the first embankment which supports it. is covered with a second embankment which connects to the natural ground on either side of the structure so as to form an artificial hill, the flattened base of the structure having a width determined according to the bearing capacity of the first embankment of so as to transmit to it the loads applied without risk of excessive compaction.
• Figure 1 is a schematic view, in longitudinal section, of the assembly of a structure produced according to the invention.
• Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view along line II-II of Figure 1.
• Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view along line III-III of Figure 1.
• Figure 4 is a schematic overview, in perspective.
• Figure 5 is a detail view of the base of a pedestal.
• Figure 6 shows, in cross section the realization of a structure with two adjoining sections.
• Figure 7 shows a particular embodiment of such a work.
• Figures 8 and 9 show, respectively in side view and in top view, the exit of a structure crossing a slope at an angle.
• FIG 1 there is shown schematically, in longitudinal section, part of a traffic lane produced according to the invention on relatively uneven terrain whose longitudinal profile is indicated by line 10 which therefore corresponds to the section of the natural terrain 1 by a vertical plane P passing through the longitudinal axis of the taxiway.
• This is provided on a platform A which includes a portion 11 located below the level of the natural terrain and a portion 12 located above it.
• the part 11 of the platform A is formed in cut on the bottom of a trench B while the part 12 is formed on the top of an embankment C.
• the platform A constituting the traffic lane is covered, in a conventional manner, with a tubular work D constituting an underground passage which is first produced in the open air, then buried under an embankment E to restore level 14 of the natural terrain.
• Such an arrangement is particularly advantageous for bypassing urbanized areas because it ensures perfect sound insulation and restores the environment, the embankment E can be planted.
• the tubular wall D consists of successive sections placed end to end and each comprising, in cross section, at least three elements, respectively a curved upper element 21 resting on two side pedestals 22, 22 'each provided with a flat base allowing them to be placed upright on the ground.
• the internal sides of the bases of the two pedestals can be connected, by concrete longitudinal joints, to a fourth element forming a raft. In this way, all of the load applied to the tubular wall is transmitted to a very large base.
• each lateral pedestal 22, 22 ′ then comprises an enlarged base 23 having two wings, respectively internal and external, which give the element a sufficient seating surface, and a side wall 24 having an upper part 25, curved inwards, which tangentially connects to the upper element 21 so that the assembly forms, in cross section, a substantially semicircular arch centered on a longitudinal axis 0.
• the longitudinal joints 26 between the upper element 21 and the upper edges of the two side pedestals 22, 22 ' are formed by articulations centered on planes PI, P'1, in which are placed the centers of curvature of the 'upper element 21 and upper parts 25 of the sides 22, 22'.
• these joint planes are inclined at 45 ° relative to the vertical.
• the loads applied to the upper element 21 are transmitted tangentially to the two lateral pedestals 22, 22 '.
• the latter are supported on the ground by their base 23 but, due to the flexibility of the structure and the use of the articulated joints 26, the upper element 21 tends to bend slightly by spreading the side pedestals 22, 22 ' which also flex and bear laterally on the embankment E. This must therefore be made in a particular way to participate in the resistance of the entire structure by taking the lateral thrusts applied by the two sides 22, 22 '.
• each pedestal element 32 is provided with a stiffening rib 37 placed on the outer side of the wall 34 and extending between the base 33 and the upper joint 36.
• the pedestal 32 thus stiffened can therefore transmit the loads in a substantially vertical direction, without lateral support on the embankment 5.
• Such an embodiment of the side walls is particularly advantageous in the case shown in FIG. 1, of relatively uneven natural terrain.
• the arched structure 2 covered with an embankment is stopped and the rest of the traffic lane A is performed in the sky open on the upper part of a C slope or, even, on a viaduct.
• Such an achievement is expensive and unattractive.
• the tubular structure 2 is extended by a structure of the same nature 3 which is shown in FIG. 3, this being a cross section, according to the line III-III of figure 1.
• a first embankment 4 is constructed, in the extension of the part 11 of the platform A, the upper part 41 of which is leveled so as to form a platform 12 on which the tubular structure 3 is placed.
• Figure 4 which is a perspective view of the assembly, there is shown, for simplicity, a single section of the tubular structure 3 which comprises, in cross section with the axis O, at least three elements, respectively a curved upper element 31 resting on two lateral pedestals 32, 32 'along longitudinal joints 36.
• These prefabricated wall elements preferably have exactly the same profile as the elements 21, 22, 22' of the structure 2 and are placed therefore as an extension of these.
• the longitudinal joints 36 are therefore placed in alignment with the longitudinal joints 26 of the structure 2 and also constitute joints giving the structure relative flexibility.
• each pedestal 32 is provided with a base 33 bearing on the platform 12.
• the assembly is covered with a second embankment 5, the surface 50 of which gradually connects to the natural ground 1 and to the surface 14 of the embankment E, of so as to create an artificial hill which can advantageously be planted to restore an aesthetic environment.
• each lateral pedestal 32, 32 ′ preferably includes an enlarged base 33 and a curved side wall 34 which tangentially connects to the upper element 31.
• the upper elements 31 and the sides 32 have the same profile as the similar elements 21, 22 of the structure 2 and can therefore be cast on the same molds , these being slightly modified to produce the stiffening ribs 37.
• each pedestal 32 must be determined taking into account the bearing capacity of the first embankment 4 which is likely to be less than that of the platform 11 formed in the bottom of the trench B, that is to say on natural ground.
• the prefabricated elements of this type can be produced at a site remote from the site and transported by road, each element being able to be placed lengthwise on a trailer.
• the weight of the pedestal element can be reduced so as to remain compatible with the transport capacities.
• longitudinal reinforcements 45 covering several successive pedestal elements can be threaded into the waiting reinforcements 42 so as to produce a longitudinal beam connecting the elements, allowing them to better resist differential settlements.
• FIG. 6 it follows that, in the zone or the platform 11 passes above the level of the natural terrain 1, the side of the structure turned from the the downstream side must be placed on an embankment 61, while the upward-facing side rests on the bottom of a trench 62 made of cuttings.
• the structure according to the invention is particularly suitable for such a situation. Indeed, as indicated above, the use of prefabricated pedestals bearing on a very wide sole and on which the upper element rests by means of a longitudinal articulation makes it possible to resist particularly well the differential settlements which may result. of such asymmetrical support.
• FIG. 6 there is shown, by way of example, a structure with two arches of the type described in document EP-A-0.202.256, which is particularly suitable for the construction of motorways and comprises at least two lanes traffic SI, S2 on either side of a central pedestal 63 on which rest two upper elements, respectively 64, 64 ', which bear outwards, each on a lateral pedestal, respectively 65 on the upstream side and 65' on the downstream side.
• the embankment 5 which covers the whole of the structure and connects to the natural ground in the manner indicated in FIG. 6, is asymmetrical, but this does not affect the stability of the structure, the loads being transmitted vertically by the legs 65, 65 ', made rigid by the ribs 37.
• Figures 3 and 6 show another improvement of the invention. Indeed, the second embankment 5 which is formed over the first embankment
• each upper element 31 can be subjected to sliding and that is why it is advantageous, as indicated in FIG. 3, to provide on the lateral side of each upper element 31, a concrete veil 38 which extends upwards so to retain the upper part 51 of the embankment covering the structure.
• a sort of earth cap whose weight increases the stability of the assembly and which is not likely to collapse if the downstream part 52 of the embankment 5 tends to slide.
• the retaining veil 38 is perpendicular to the lateral side of the wall element 31 and, therefore, parallel to the joint plane PI.
• each upper element 64, 64 ′ is provided with a retaining veil 38 only on its external side resting on a lateral pedestal ld
• FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of a structure with two traffic lanes in the case of an oblique exit in inclined natural terrain. It may then be advantageous to first stop the S'2 section of the structure located on the downstream side and to extend for a certain period the S'1 section located on the upstream side and which is alone covered with a slope 51 '. This one is advantageously stopped by an inclined veil 38a formed on the side facing the slope of the upper element 66 which rests on the central pedestal 63 '.
• the latter may consist of a solid wall or a row of pillars surmounted by a sill and comprising, on the upstream side, a single support member 36 for the upper element 66 covering the section S'1.
• the upper part of the central element 63 ′ advantageously constitutes an inclined face 39a for supporting the retaining veil 38a.
• each pedestal element 65 ′ closing the section S ′ 2 towards the outside can be provided, at its upper end, with an inclined face 39 having the same orientation as the web 38 ′ associated with the 'upper element 64' so as to constitute a bearing face of said web 38 '.
• the slope 51 can be stopped at the level of the web 38 ′, the lower part 52 of the embankment 5 being eliminated.
• the structure is then covered with a simple earth cap and the ribs 65 'ribs remain visible from the outside, providing sound protection by themselves. This gives an interesting aesthetic effect.
• FIGS. 8 and 9 there is shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 the outlet of such a structure passing through an embankment E on which is formed a track circulation 14, the longitudinal direction of which makes a non-right angle with the axis 70 of the structure 7.
• the structure consists, like the structure 2 of FIG. 2, of successive sections each comprising an upper element 21 resting on two lateral pedestals 22, 22 ′ which can take lateral support on the embankment E covering the work.
• the embankment E which has been removed in FIG. 9, is limited by an inclined slope E 'whose edge, along the structure is indicated in phantom.
• the side walls 72, 72 ′ of the last section 71 are extended by prefabricated walls 73, 74 having the same inclination as the slope, for the maintenance of the land.
• the pedestal 72a cannot bear on the embankment, the height of which is insufficient.
• the two side elements must sometimes be connected to their base by a connecting beam extending between the two flanges 73, 73 '.
• This can have drawbacks, for example for the construction of a road passing inside the structure and these drawbacks can be avoided by using, at the two ends where the height of the ground is insufficient, ribbed pedestals of the type described. previously and which collect by themselves the loads applied without the need to take lateral support on the embankment.
• the adjacent pedestals 72a, 72b of the last two sections are then provided with ribs 37 while, on the other side, only the extreme pedestal 72'a is rib, the pedestal 72 'b of the penultimate section resting on a slope of sufficient height to absorb the thrust and being, therefore, identical to the current pedestal 22' .
• the sidewalls were dimensioned and scrap so as to present a certain flexibility by leaning laterally on the embankment.
• the entire applied load is transmitted by the pedestal on its sole and this results, for the same passage section, an increase in the compressive stresses applied to the concrete. Therefore, in order not to be obliged to increase the thickness of the side wall and, consequently, the weight of the walls, it may be advantageous to produce the elements in one high performance concrete with significantly increased compressive strength.

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Citations (5)

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• 1999
  • 1999-09-20 AP APAP/P/2001/002124A patent/AP2001002124A0/en unknown
  • 1999-09-20 OA OA00100076A patent/OA11909A/fr unknown
  • 1999-09-20 ES ES99943008T patent/ES2190656T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-09-20 EP EP99943008A patent/EP1119663B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-09-20 AT AT99943008T patent/ATE232931T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1999-09-20 JP JP2000574351A patent/JP4382987B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1999-09-20 CA CA002344225A patent/CA2344225A1/fr not_active Abandoned
  • 1999-09-20 AU AU56304/99A patent/AU5630499A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1999-09-20 DE DE69905479T patent/DE69905479D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-09-20 PT PT99943008T patent/PT1119663E/pt unknown
  • 1999-09-20 TR TR2001/00804T patent/TR200100804T2/xx unknown
  • 1999-09-20 WO PCT/FR1999/002231 patent/WO2000017456A1/fr active IP Right Grant
  • 1999-09-21 MY MYPI99004088A patent/MY121095A/en unknown

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